Just like the rest of us, Leonardo da Vinci doodled and scribbled: you can see it in his, which. But the prototypical Renaissance man, both unsurprisingly and characteristically, took that scribbling and doodling to a higher level entirely. Not only do his margin notes and sketches look far more elegant than most of ours, some of them turn out to reveal his previously unknown early insight into important subjects. Take, for instance, the study of friction (otherwise known as ), which may well have got its start in what at first just looked like doodles of blocks, weights, and pulleys in Leonardo's notebooks.

This discovery comes from University of Cambridge engineering professor, whose research, says that, 'examines the development of Leonardo's understanding of the laws of friction and their application. His work on friction originated in studies of the rotational resistance of axles and the mechanics of screw threads, but he also saw how friction was involved in many other applications.'

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One page, 'from a tiny notebook (92 x 63 mm) now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, dates from 1493' and 'contains Leonardo’s first statement of the laws of friction,' sketches of 'rows of blocks being pulled by a weight hanging over a pulley – in exactly the same kind of experiment we might do today to demonstrate the laws of friction.' 'While it may not be possible to identify unequivocally the empirical methods by which Leonardo arrived at his understanding of friction,', 'his achievements more than 500 years ago were outstanding. He made tests, he observed, and he made powerful connections in his thinking on this subject as in so many others.' By the year of these sketches Leonardo 'had elucidated the fundamental laws of friction,' then 'developed and applied them with varying degrees of success to practical mechanical systems.'

And though tribologists had no idea of Leonardo's work on friction until the twentieth century, seemingly unimportant drawings like these show that he 'stands in a unique position as a quite remarkable and inspirational pioneer of tribology.' What other fields of inquiry could Leonardo have pioneered without history having properly acknowledged it? Just as his life inspires us to learn and invent, so research like Hutchings' inspires us to look closer at what he left behind, especially at that which our eyes may have passed over before. You can open up Leonardo's notebooks and have a look yourself. Just make sure to learn his first.

Related Content: Based in Seoul, writes and broadcasts on cities and culture. His projects include the book The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles and the video series. Follow him on Twitter at or on.

What's happened to the thousands of cover designs that have been submitted to The New Yorker? And then been rejected, either summarily or with much consideration? Probably most have faded into oblivion. But at least some are now seeing the light of day over at, a web site that collects 'declined or late cover submissions' to the storied magazine.

See a gallery of. The creators of the new site encourage illustrators to And lest there be any doubt, is not officially affiliated with. Follow Open Culture on and and share intelligent media with your friends. Or better yet, and get a daily dose of Open Culture in your inbox. If you'd like to support Open Culture and our mission, please consider. It's hard to rely 100% on ads, and your will help us provide the best free cultural and educational materials.

Related Content. John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Dolly Parton and Arnold Schwarzenegger, Barack Obama and family, Bruce Springsteen, Whoopi Goldberg, Bill Gates, Queen Elizabeth II, Lady Gaga: name someone who has risen to the very top of the zeitgeist over the past few decades, and has probably photographed them. Her images, in fact, have often come to stand for the images of her subjects in the culture: when we think of certain celebrities, we instinctively imagine them as they appeared on a Leibovitz-shot cover of Rolling Stone or Vanity Fair. Safe to say, then, that she knows a thing or two about how to take a picture that makes an impact. The people at online education company have now packaged that knowledge in a course that joins their existing lineup that includes,,, and. For a price of $90 (or $180 for a ), Masterclass offers a package of workbook-accompanied video lessons in which 'Annie teaches you how to develop concepts, work with subjects, shoot with natural light, and bring images to life in post-production.'

(If you want to give this course as a gift, just.) The early lessons in ' cover subjects like memories of her own development as a photographer to discussions of her influences and her view of the medium itself. Later on, she gets into the real-life case study of, digital post-production, how to come up with the right concept (ideally, so her career has shown, one just strange or daring enough to get people talking), and how to work with your subject.

'There's this idea that in portraiture, it's the photographer's job to set the subject at ease,' Leibovitz says in. 'I don't believe that.' Few aspects of Leibovitz's method have drawn as much attention as the way she handles her subjects, which tends to involve both developing enough of a relationship with them to gain some understanding of their inner lives and putting them in situations which, so she has studiously learned while getting to know them, may lie a bit outside of their comfort zone. Few of us will ever have that much face time with a photographer like Leibovitz, let alone enough to ask her in-depth questions about the craft, but if you suspect you might find yourself one day in a position to photograph the next Caitlyn Jenner, Mark Zuckerberg, or Kim Kardashian — or someone more important to you personally — the strategies explained in will surely come in handy. Follow Open Culture on and and share intelligent media with your friends. Or better yet, and get a daily dose of Open Culture in your inbox. If you'd like to support Open Culture and our mission, please consider.

It's hard to rely 100% on ads, and your will help us provide the best free cultural and educational materials. Note: MasterClasss and Open Culture have a partnership. If you sign up for a MasterClass course, it benefits not just you and MasterClass. It benefits Open Culture too.

So consider it win-win-win. Related Content: Based in Seoul, writes and broadcasts on cities and culture. His projects include the book The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles and the video series.

Follow him on Twitter at or on. Algorithms For Computer Algebra Pdf Free. Philosophy is not an idle pursuit of leisured gentlemen and tenured professors, though the life circumstances of many a philosopher might make us think otherwise. The foremost example of a privileged philosopher is, famous expositor of, and also, incidentally, Emperor of Rome. Yet we must also bear in mind that Epictetus, the other most famous expositor of Stoicism, whom Aurelius quotes repeatedly in his Meditations, was born a slave. Against certain tendencies of modern thinking, we might hazard to believe that both men shared enough common human experience to arrive at some universal principles fully applicable to everyday life. Stoicism, after all, is nothing if not practical.

Consider, for example, the emperor’s advice below—how challenging it might be for anyone, and how beneficial, not only for the individual, but—as Aurelius makes plain—for everyone. Begin the morning by saying to yourself, I shall meet with the busybody, the ungrateful, arrogant, deceitful, envious, unsocial. All these things happen to them by reason of their ignorance of what is good and evil.

But I who have seen the nature of the good that it is beautiful, and of the bad that it is ugly, and the nature of him who does wrong, that it is akin to mine, not only of the same blood or seed, but that it participates in the same intelligence and the same portion of divinity, I can neither be harmed by any of them, nor no one can fix on me what is ugly, nor can I be angry with my brother, nor hate him. For we are made for cooperation, like feet, like hands, like eyelids, like the rows of the upper and lower teeth. To act against one another then is contrary to nature; and it is acting against one another to be vexed and to turn away. Yes, a passage that might have come from the speeches of Gandhi, the Dalai Lama, or Martin Luther King, Jr. Also belongs to the philosophical traditions of ancient Rome, though in the mouth of an emperor it may not sound to us as compellingly radical. Nowadays, several million more people have access to books, literacy, and leisure than in Marcus Aurelius’ era (and one wonders where even an emperor found the time), though few of us, it’s true, have access to a nobleman’s education.

While currently under threat, the internet still provides us with a wealth of free content—and many of us are much better positioned than Epictetus was to educate ourselves about philosophical traditions, schools, and ways of thinking. The (136 in total) may lack celebrity cred, but it makes up for it with some very thorough short summaries of important works in philosophy—as well as sociology, psychology, history, politics, economics, and literature. “The essential purpose of politics is freedom,” Hannah Arendt wrote in her 1958 The Human Condition, we learn above, a work of hers that is not focused on mass murder and totalitarianism. Arendt had much more to say, and in this book, she relies on a classical distinction well known to the Greeks and Romans and all who came after them: the contrast between two kinds of life—the vita activa and vita contemplativa.

While philosophy may have become much more accessible, it has also become less “open access”—in the sense of being a public affair, taking place in city squares and actively encouraged by statesmen and ordinary loiterers alike. For all its possibilities—and we hope they can remain—the internet has never been able to recreate the Athenian ideal of the philosophical public square, if such a thing ever really existed. But projects like —sponsored by Yale, MIT, Duke, and other elite institutions—have sought for years to introduce people from every walk of life to the kinds of ideas that Athenians supposedly threw around like frisbees in their spare time, including Plato’s notion (via his mouthpiece, Socrates) of “the good life,” which University of New Orleans professor Chris Surprenent, summarizes above. The material is out there. We've highlighted 350 philosophical animations above, and also separately gathered 170 And, if you’re reading this, it’s a good bet you’ve probably got a little time to spare. If it’s an old-fashioned sales pitch you need to get going, consider that for just pennies, er, minutes a day, you can become more knowledgeable about ancient Greek and Roman thought, Kantian ethics, 20th century Critical Theory, Nietzsche, critical thinking skills, Scholastic theological thought, Buddhism, Wittgenstein, Sartre, etc., etc, etc., etc. That said, however, acquiring the concentration, discipline, and will to do your own thinking about what you’ve learned, and to apply it, has never been so free and easy to come by for anyone at any time in history.

Related Content: is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC. We've all had a cup of coffee after a nap. But maybe we've been doing it all wrong.

Maybe we should put the cup of coffee before the nap. It sounds counterintuitive. But apparently the coffee nap--a cup of joe followed immediately by a quick nap--has some scientific merits and unexpected health benefits., they've summarized the findings of researchers at in the UK, who found that 'when tired participants took a 15-minute coffee nap, they went on to commit fewer errors in a driving simulator than when they were given only coffee, or only took a nap.' Or 'a found that people who took a caffeine nap before taking a series of memory tests performed significantly better on them compared with people who solely took a nap, or took a nap and then washed their faces or had a bright light shone in their eyes.' The accompanying Vox video above explains how the coffee nap works its magic. The biology and chemistry all get discussed in a quick two-minute clip. Follow Open Culture on and and share intelligent media with your friends.

Or better yet, and get a daily dose of Open Culture in your inbox. If you'd like to support Open Culture and our mission, please consider. It's hard to rely 100% on ads, and your will help us provide the best free cultural and educational materials. Related Content. Illustrator sets his latest animation, 'Happiness,' in a teeming urban environment, with hundreds of near identical cartoon rats standing in for human drudges in an unfulfilling, and not unfamiliar race. Packed subway cars, a bombardment of advertising, soul-deadening office jobs, and Black Friday sales are just a few of the indignities Cutts’ rodents are subjected to, to the tune of Bizet’s ' Rampant over-consumption—a major preoccupation for this artist—offers illusory relief, and a great deal of fun for viewers with the time to hit pause, to better savor the grim details.

The maximalist frames read like a gratifying perversion of. As with Cutts' They may also serve as an antidote to the sort of messaging we’re constantly on the receiving end of, whether we live in city, country or somewhere in-between. Check out the scene as Cutts pans up from the subway platform, 52 seconds in: The panty-clad female model for Blah cologne’s fashionably black and white ad is emaciated nearly to the point of death. “You’re better than laces” flatters the latest (laceless) shoe from a swoosh-bedecked footwear manufacturer, while a radiator-colored beverage floats above the motto “Just drink it, morons.” Krispo Flakes fight depression with “the bits other cereals don’t want.” Heaven help us all, there’s even a poster for TRUMP The Musical. This freeze-frame scrutiny could make an excellent activity for any class where middle and high schoolers are encouraged to think critically about their role as consumers. As Cutts, a one-time employee of the digital marketing agency,, who contributed to campaigns for such global giants as Coca-Cola, Google, Reebok, and Toyota, told in 2015: These are things that affect us all on a fundamental level so naturally they’re a main focus for a lot of my work. Humanity has the power to be great in so many ways and yet at the same time we are fundamentally flawed.

I think it’s the conflict between these two that fascinates me the most. As a race of beings we’ve made incredible achievements in such a short space, but at the same time we seem so overwhelmingly intent on destroying ourselves and everything around us. It would be very interesting to see where we’ll be in a hundred years. The term insanity is intriguing – it’s almost like we’re encouraged to act in a way that seems genuinely insane when you look at it objectively, but it’s often accepted as normal right now. I think we will have to evolve beyond our current thinking and way of doing things if we want to survive. See more of Cutts’ animated work.

And while he doesn’t go out of his way to hype his online store, a would make a fantastic gift from your cubicle mate’s Secret Santa. TIME IS RUNNING OUT!!!) Related Content: is an author, illustrator, theater maker and Chief Primatologist of zine.

Selecting certain features, simplifying them, exaggerating them, and using them to provide a deep insight, at a glance, into the subject as a whole: such is the art of the caricaturist, one that elevated to another level in the early- to mid-20th century. Those skills, combined with his knowledge as an art historian, also served him well when he drew This aesthetically pleasing diagram first appeared in Vanity Fair in May of 1933, a time when many readers of such magazines would have felt a great curiosity about how, exactly, all these new paintings and sculptures and such — many of which didn't seem to look much like the paintings and sculptures they knew at all — related to one another. 'Because it stops in 1940, the tree fails to account for abstract expressionism and other post–World War II movements,', in a piece that includes a version of the Covarrubias' 1940 'Tree of Modern Art' revision with clickable examples of relevant artwork. But 'the organizational structure alone reveals a surprisingly large amount about the way art has evolved,' including how it 'becomes broader and more inclusive over time,' eventually turning into a 'global affair'; how 'artistic schools have become more aesthetically diverse'; how 'the canon evolved quickly'; and how 'all art is intertwined,' created as it has so long been by artists who 'work together, borrow from each other, and grow in tandem.' You can also find the 'Tree of Modern Art', a holding that illustrates, as it were, just how wide a swath of information design the term 'map' can encompass. 'The date is estimated based on the verso of the paper being a blue lined base map of the National Park Service dated 12/28/39,' says the collection's site.

'This drawing was found in the papers of B. Ashburton Tripp' — — 'and we assume that Covarrubias and Tripp were friends (verified by Tripp's descendants) and that the blue line base map was something Tripp was working on in his landscape architecture business.' The legend describes the tree as having been 'planted 60 years ago,' a number that has now passed 130. Many more leaves have grown off those branches of impressionism, expressionism, post-impressionism, surrealism, cubism, and futurism in the years since Covarrubias drew the tree, but for someone to go back and augment such a fully-realized creation wouldn't do at all — as with any work of art, modern or otherwise. Related Content: Based in Seoul, writes and broadcasts on cities and culture. His projects include the book The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles and the video series. Follow him on Twitter at or on.

I have often thought that eating some really serious brown bread is a bit like pushing a bike up a very steep hill, a hill called “health.” So what a surprise to find that. And none other than Ridley Scott directed it. Indeed, this story of a young lad delivering bread by bicycle up a steep cobblestone mining-town street is laced through with nostalgia and a sentimental use of Dvorak’s “New World” Symphony. (So beloved is it that Brits often request the classical work on radio as “the music.”) Before Ridley Scott became a blockbuster film director, he cut his teeth by directing episodic television in the UK, and then forming an advertising production company with his brother Tony called RSA Films (Ridley Scott Associates). According to Scott, he was involved in the production of roughly 2,700 commercials over the company’s 10 years. This iconic ad was one of several he directed that year for Hovis, but this is the one that stuck.

It might be the simplicity of the ad, the Sisyphean struggle of its young protagonist (who at least gets to easily ride home), or any number of factors, but it would be a stretch to really see the auteur in this film. If anything, it’s reminiscent of his kitchen sink meets French New Wave short film from 1965, ',' which is interesting more as an oddity and a starring vehicle for his brother than a great film. The Independent tracked down the boy in the Hovis ad, Carl Barlow, who was 13 at the time, but is now 57 and a retired firefighter. 'It was pure fate that I got the part as the Hovis boy. I was down to the last three, and it turned out that one of the two boys couldn't ride a bike, and the other wouldn't cut his hair into the pudding bowl style - it was the Seventies after all. As the only boy who could ride a bike and would cut his hair, I got the part.' This year, as part of an ad campaign for Evans Bicycles, Mr.

Barlow made his way to the top of the hill one more time, with the help of an electric bike. The use of an author’s name as an adjective to describe some kind of general style can seem, well, lazy, in a wink-wink, “you know what I mean,” kind of way. One must leave it to readers to decide whether deploying a “Baldwinian” or a “Woolfian,' or an “Orwellian” or “Dickensian,' is justified. When it comes to “,” we may find reason to consider abandoning the word altogether. Not because we don’t know what it means, but because we think it means what Kafka meant, rather than what he wrote. Maybe turning him into shorthand, “a clever reference,”, prepares us to seriously misunderstand his work. The problem motivated author David Zane Mairowitz and underground comics legend Robert Crumb to create a graphic biography, first published in 1990 as.

English animator Steve Cutts has a knack for satirizing the excesses of modern society. Just watch his 2012 short animation 'Man,' and you'll see what I mean. In three short minutes, Cutts covers a lot of ground, documenting the rise of human civilization and its ever-escalating assault on nature and our natural resources. And it may give you pause as we gear up for Christmas, the apotheosis of American materialism. Follow Open Culture on and and share intelligent media with your friends. Or better yet, and get a daily dose of Open Culture in your inbox. If you'd like to support Open Culture and our mission, please consider.

It's hard to rely 100% on ads, and your will help us provide the best free cultural and educational materials. Drivers License For Illegal Immigrants In Arkansas. Related Content.

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